Welcome to our page dedicated to places in Spain! Use the contents to navigate to any section that interests you!
We regularly update our pages, so make sure to check back for new content!
España
Fact File
Capital: Madrid
Major cities: Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, Valencia, Bilbao
Currency: Euro €
Population: 48.5 million (2023 estimate)
Official language(s): Spanish (castellano), Catalan (catalán), Basque (vasco/euskara), Galician (gallego)
Demonym in Spanish: español
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Andalucía
Quick Fact File
Capital: Sevilla
Major cities: Sevilla, Málaga, Cádiz, Huelva, Córdoba, Granada, Almería, Jaén, Algeciras
Other places of note: Marbella, Tarifa, Sentenil de las Bodegas, Ronda
Population: 8.5 million (2023 estimate) - #1 in Spain
Andalusia (Andalucía in Spanish), Spain's most populous region, situated at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, has played a pivotal role in shaping Spain's rich history and culture.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
The region, a crossroads of cultures due to its strategic location and historic Islamic rule, showcases a remarkable blend of Muslim, Jewish, and Christian influences, reflected prominently in its architecture. Notably, landmarks such as the Alhambra in Granada, the Mezquita-Catedral in Córdoba, and the Alcázar in Seville stand as testaments to this cultural fusion.
However, the intermingling of religious cultures in Andalusia was not always as harmonious as a modern-day onlooker might hypothesise. During the reign of the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos - Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón), the push for the "Reconquest" (Reconquista) of the Iberian Peninsula intensified. While the Spanish Inquisition had begun centuries earlier, the Catholic Monarchs utilised it as a tool to solidify religious unity across the Peninsula. Cities like Seville and Córdoba became centres of vigorous Inquisition efforts, aimed at "Christianising" the non-Catholic population. The decisive moment arrived in 1492 when the Catholic Monarchs captured Granada, marking the culmination of the "Reconquest" and the end of Islamic rule in Iberia. This victory also heralded the implementation of the Alhambra Decree, which mandated Jews to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from the Kingdom within four months.
Beyond its historic cities and their Islamic heritage, Andalusia is renowned for its picturesque "White Villages" (Pueblos Blancos), the Costa del Sol (with the major city, Málaga, and its tourism in towns like Marbella and Torremolinos), and for being the birthplace of one of the greatest artists of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso. Finally, no mention of Andalusia's culture would be complete without highlighting that Flamenco, one of the most symbolic images of Spain (and one of the world's most famous dances) originated in the region.
Sevilla
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Seville
Seville (Sevilla in Spanish), the capital of Andalusia, is steeped in rich history and is one of the most important cities in Spain.
As mentioned above in the Andalusia section, Seville's history is deeply connected to the Islamic rule before the Catholic Monarchs' reign. Many of its most iconic buildings, such as the Alcázar and the Torre de Oro, are remnants from this period, while the Giralda, now in the city's cathedral, is a repurposed minaret.
In addition to its strong Islamic architecture, Seville played a fundamental role in Spain's conquest of the Americas. Due to its location and size, it was chosen as the headquarters for the Casa de Contratación, which essentially collected all necessary taxes from voyages to the Americas, and gave permission to undergo voyages of exploration. The city's connection to the "New World" is still very much palpable today with Christopher Columbus' grave located in its cathedral, Santa María de la Sede.
In the more modern period, Seville constructed one of Spain's most famous landmarks, Plaza de España, during the Exposición Ibero-americana 1929-1930. The monument showcases various architectural styles from different periods of Spain's history, as well as giving spotlights to the regions of Spain.
Finally, while we have mentioned Seville's deep connection to its Islamic heritage, it would be amiss not to mention that the city is home to one of Spain's most significant Christian festivals, with Samana Santa de Sevilla (Holy Week in Seville) being one of the most mesmerising religious festivals in Europe. The festival sees around 70 churches engage in processions throughout the city's streets that showcase the Passion of Christ.
Granada
Granada
Granada, set against the Sierra Nevada mountains in Andalusia, was regarded as la joya de la corona (the jewel in the crown) that Christian forces sought to reclaim during the Reconquista. The city’s fall in 1492 marked the end of nearly eight centuries of Muslim rule in Spain and symbolised a decisive turning point in Spanish history.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Its "recapture" in the year of 1492 also coincided with the Reyes Católicos sanctioning voyages that led to the “European discovery” of the Americas. Consequently, Granada’s recapture became a potent symbol of Spain’s growing global power.
At the heart of Granada is the Alhambra (pictured), a stunning palace and fortress that stood as the last Islamic stronghold on the Iberian Peninsula. Its surrender to Isabel I de Castilla and Fernando II de Aragón marked the culmination of the Christian reconquest. Granada became a focal point of their unifying vision for Spain, serving as both a political and cultural prize.
The Reconquista’s conclusion ushered in dramatic cultural shifts. Although the Spanish Inquisition had been established in 1478, it gained new force in Granada following its recapture. In 1492, the Alhambra Decree was issued, mandating the conversion or expulsion of Jews within the kingdom. This policy, designed to solidify religious unity, highlighted the Catholic Monarchs’ determination to mould Granada into a cornerstone of their vision for a unified Christian Spain. The decree and its consequences, alongside the continuing presence of the Inquisition, shaped Granada’s identity as both a site of cultural convergence and deep conflict.
Granada’s connection to Catherine of Aragon, the youngest daughter of the Reyes Católicos, adds another layer to its historical significance. Catherine spent part of her formative years at the Alhambra, where the grandeur of the court showcased her parents’ power and ambitions. Her eventual marriage to Henry VIII of England was meant to solidify Spanish influence abroad, however, her story is often associated with her personal struggles and England's shift to Protestantism. Today, pomegranates (Granada’s namesake and a symbol of unity) are often left at her grave in Peterborough Cathedral, as a tribute to her ties to her homeland.
Córdoba
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Córdoba (Cordoba)
Córdoba, situated on the banks of the Guadalquivir River in Andalusia, was once one of the most important cities in the world. During the height of its power in the 10th century, it served as the capital of the Emirate and later the Caliphate of Córdoba, a centre of learning, culture, and commerce that rivalled Baghdad and Constantinople. With a population estimated at over 500,000 during its peak, Córdoba was one of the largest and most advanced cities in Europe, renowned for its libraries, universities, and scientific advancements.
Religious diversity was a defining feature of Córdoba during this period. The city thrived as a multicultural hub where Muslims, Jews, and Christians coexisted under Islamic rule, contributing to a golden age of intellectual and artistic achievements. Jewish scholars emerged from Córdoba, while Christian communities maintained their traditions in harmony with the dominant Islamic culture. However, this balance shifted with the Reconquista, as Christian forces "recaptured" Córdoba in 1236 under Ferdinand III of Castile. The city underwent significant changes as it became a focal point of Christian Spain.
The most emblematic symbol of Córdoba’s layered history is the Mezquita-Catedral (Mosque-Cathedral), a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Originally built as a mosque in 784 AD by Abd al-Rahman I, the structure was expanded multiple times, reflecting the ambitions and artistry of successive Islamic rulers. Its signature horseshoe arches and intricate geometric designs are hallmarks of Islamic architecture. After the Christian Reconquest, the mosque was converted into a cathedral, with a Renaissance-style nave inserted into the heart of the building in the 16th century. This transformation has sparked debates over its identity, with many regarding it as a symbol of Córdoba’s complex religious and cultural history. Today, it stands as one of Spain’s most iconic monuments, representing both the grandeur of Islamic art and the subsequent Christian influence.
Córdoba’s history also highlights the darker side of Spain’s religious transformation. Following the city’s integration into Christian Spain, the Jewish community, which had thrived under Islamic rule, faced increasing persecution. The establishment of the Spanish Inquisition in 1478 marked the beginning of a relentless campaign to enforce Catholic orthodoxy. Many Jews in Córdoba were forced to convert to Christianity or flee, while others faced imprisonment, torture, or execution. By 1492, the Alhambra Decree formalised the expulsion of Jews from Spain, effectively ending centuries of Jewish presence in Córdoba. The remnants of the Jewish Quarter (Judería), including the historic synagogue, stand as poignant reminders of the city’s once-thriving multicultural identity and the devastating consequences of religious intolerance.
Málaga
Málaga (Malaga)
Málaga, located on Spain’s southern coast in Andalusia, is one of Europe’s oldest continuously inhabited cities, with a history spanning over 2,800 years. Founded by the Phoenicians as Malaka, the city grew under Roman and Islamic rule, leaving a legacy that continues to shape its identity as a key cultural centre along the Costa del Sol.
Image ©Highbury Nomad
Málaga’s origins as a Phoenician trading post laid the groundwork for its enduring significance. When the Romans took control, the city flourished as a vital port in Hispania, a legacy still visible in the Roman Theatre in the city centre. The Islamic conquest that followed ushered in a new era of prosperity, with Málaga becoming a key city in the Kingdom of Granada, its port connecting Al-Andalus to the wider Mediterranean world. After its capture during the Reconquista in 1487, the city transitioned into Christian Spain, a transformation epitomised by construction of La Manquita (“the one-armed lady”), the city's cathedral.
Málaga’s most celebrated cultural figure is Pablo Picasso, born in the city in 1881. Although Picasso spent much of his life in Barcelona and Paris (cities central to his revolutionary artistic career), his early years in Málaga shaped his creative outlook. Today, the Museo Picasso Málaga (his birthplace in the city) honours his legacy and provides insight into his formative years.
Today, Málaga balances its rich historical legacy with a dynamic cultural scene. Its ancient past, intertwined with its artistic contributions and modern role as a gateway to the Costa del Sol, underscores the city’s importance in both Spain’s history and contemporary identity.
Marbella
Marbella
Marbella, situated on Spain’s Costa del Sol, is renowned for its blend of luxury and Mediterranean charm. Unlike the high-rise developments and mass tourism associated with places like Benidorm, Marbella has cultivated a reputation for exclusivity and sophistication, becoming a haven for the elite since the mid-20th century.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Despite its modern image, Marbella retains a rich historical core shaped by Phoenician, Roman, and Moorish influences. The Old Town, with its cobbled streets and whitewashed facades, centres around Plaza de los Naranjos, which was established after the Reconquista. This juxtaposition of Andalusian heritage and contemporary opulence defines Marbella’s unique appeal.
Adjacent to Marbella is the internationally-renowned Puerto Banús, a marina synonymous with luxury and exclusivity. Home to some of the world’s most impressive yachts, high-end boutiques, and vibrant nightlife, Puerto Banús reinforces Marbella’s glamorous reputation. Its sophistication stands in sharp contrast to the mass tourism often associated with other Costa del Sol resorts.
Tarifa
Tarifa
Tarifa, located at the southernmost tip of mainland Spain in Andalusia, is a town of immense historical and geographical significance. Overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, it serves as a gateway between Europe and Africa, with Morocco’s coastline clearly visible across the water.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Historically, Tarifa’s strategic position made it a focal point for trade, conquest, and cultural exchange. The town’s name originates from Tarif ibn Malik, a Berber commander who led a reconnaissance mission in the area before the Islamic conquest of Iberia in 711. Later, during the Reconquista, Tarifa became a critical battleground for control over the Strait of Gibraltar, with its control symbolising the shifting power between Muslim and Christian forces.
The natural beauty surrounding Tarifa adds to its significance. Just outside the town, Playa de Bolonia (pictured) features sweeping sand dunes, shaped by the meeting of Atlantic and Mediterranean winds. These striking dunes, alongside Tarifa’s pristine beaches, highlight the region’s enduring natural and historical legacy. In addition to its iconic dunes, Tarifa’s unique location has made it a global hub for wind and water sports, particularly kitesurfing and windsurfing, with its consistent winds drawing enthusiasts from around the world.
Sentenil de las Bodegas
Sentenil de las Bodgeas
Setenil de las Bodegas, in the province of Cádiz, is one of Andalusia’s most unique pueblos blancos (white villages), renowned for its extraordinary architecture. Nestled in the gorge of the Río Trejo, much of the town is built directly into overhanging cliffs, blending seamlessly with the natural landscape.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
The town’s name reflects its layered history. “Setenil” is believed to originate from septem nihil (“seven times nothing”), referencing the seven sieges it took for Christian forces to conquer the town during the Reconquista. “De las Bodegas” was later added to acknowledge the town’s historic role in wine and olive oil production, as its caves provided ideal storage conditions.
Setenil de las Bodegas' narrow streets and whitewashed buildings, seamlessly integrated into dramatic rock formations, create a truly distinctive charm. Originally offering strategic defence, these rock-hewn dwellings also provided much-needed shelter from the intense Andalusian sun. The remnants of its Moorish alcázar reflect the town's Islamic heritage, while today Setenil de las Bodegas is celebrated for its vibrant festivals, rich Andalusian cuisine, and a history that embodies resilience and ingenuity.
Ronda
Ronda
Ronda, perched dramatically atop the El Tajo gorge in Andalusia, is one of the most iconic of Spain's pubelos blancos. Its strategic location, with sheer cliffs plunging into the Guadalevín River, has made it a focal point of history, culture, and natural beauty for centuries.
Image ©Makalu
Ronda’s roots stretch back to pre-Roman times, with archaeological evidence pointing to early settlements in the area. Under Roman rule, the town, known as Arunda, grew as a significant hub in the province of Hispania. However, it was during the Islamic period that Ronda flourished. As a key stronghold in Al-Andalus, the town became known for its cultural achievements, and its fortified alcazaba stood as a vital defence against rival forces. Following the Reconquista in 1485, Ronda was integrated into Christian Spain, and its blend of Islamic and Christian architecture today reflects this transformative period.
Perhaps the most striking feature of Ronda is the Puente Nuevo (New Bridge), completed in 1793. Spanning the dramatic El Tajo gorge, the bridge connects the old Moorish quarter with the newer part of the town. This engineering marvel is not only a symbol of Ronda’s unity but also one of Spain’s most photographed landmarks, offering breathtaking views of the rugged landscape. Tragically, the bridge also gained notoriety during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), when it became the site of alleged executions, with prisoners thrown into the gorge below. a
Interestingly, Ronda is also widely-regarded as the birthplace of modern bullfighting, with its plaza de toros being one of the oldest and most prestigious bullrings in Spain. Built in 1785, it remains a cultural icon, even as debates about bullfighting’s place in modern Spain persist. The town’s annual Feria Goyesca, held in honour of this tradition, sees locals donning 18th-century attire in homage to Francisco de Goya’s depictions of bullfighting scenes.
Cataluña/Catalunya
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Quick Fact File
Capital: Barcelona
Major cities: Barcelona, Girona, Tarragona, Lleida, Sitges
Population: 8 million (2023 estimate) - #2 in Spain
Catalonia (Cataluña in Spanish and Catalunya in Catalan), the second most populous region in Spain, holds significant global recognition. With a distinct history, culture, and its own language, Catalonia arguably epitomises Spain's diverse cultural heritage more than any other region.
Catalonia's complex relationship with the rest of Spain can be traced back to 1469 when the Kingdom of Aragon was united with the Kingdom of Castille in 1469 when the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos - Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón) married. Despite this union, Spain did not solidify its status as a nation state until the 1700s . As part of its assimilation into the Kingdom of Spain, there have been many attempts to quash the use of the Catalan language and sense of Catalan identity. The most memorable, perhaps, was during Franco's regime, following the Spanish Civil War, when the use of the Catalan language was banned at public events. Since the transition to democracy (la Transición), the region has been freer to express its culture and identity, which has fuelled a growing movement for independence.
Despite the region's interesting politics and language, Catalonia's cultural influence extends beyond Spain's borders. The region, synonymous with its capital, Barcelona, is a beacon of architectural brilliance. Barcelona's streets are adorned with works from its prominent artists, most notably, Guadí, Dalí and Miró, whose works capture the imagination and helped create a sense of regional and national pride. Perhaps the most notable contribution is Gaudí's Sagrada Familia, which has become an increasingly important symbol of Spain.
In addition to its artistic prowess, Catalonia boasts unique cultural traditions such as its Castells (human towers), which have earned protected UNESCO Heritage status, and correfocs (groups of people who dress up as devils and light fireworks), which are central to Catalan festivals. Another significant tradition in the region is the celebration of Saint George's Day (Diada de Sant Jordi), where Catalans exchange roses and books, symbolising love and culture, in homage to the region's patron saint.
Despite on-going tensions with Madrid, Catalonia's strong cultural identity has had a significan impact on the sense of Spanish national identity. This tension rears its head a few times every year when FC Barcelona play Real Madrid CF in what is dubbed el Clásico, which perhaps represents the complexity of modern Spanish national identity in the most tangible way.
Barcelona
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Barcelona
Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, and Spain's second most populous city (after Madrid), is steeped in history and pulsating with artistic energy.
As mentioned above in the Catalonia section, Barcelona is renowned for its varied architecture, which paints a history ranging from the ancient Roman walls to the Barri Gòtic's medieval buildings and Gaudí's modernist masterpieces.
Gaudí's influence on Barcelona's extends beyond the awe-inspiring Sagrada Familia and Parc Güell. His influence on the city has shaped its identity and by extension, Catalonia and Spain's identities. The city has become synonymous with Gaudí's vision, while still honouring its pretty architecture from other eras, such as the Baroque and Roman buildings. Curiously, Barcelona's skyline could have been very different as the Eiffel Tower was rumoured to have been offered to Barcelona before it was erected in the French capital.
In addition to its architectural richness, Barcelona has a deep-rooted connection with sports. While Barcelona FC enjoy global recognition as one of the most successful football clubs, it was the hosting of the 1992 Summer Olympics that brought about a transformative change for the city. This event spurred a comprehensive modernisation effort, revitalising Barcelona's urban landscape and public spaces, particularly around the coastal areas. Locals often credit the Olympics with significantly enhancing the city's quality of life and cementing its status as one of Europe's premier destinations.
Finally, as we have highlighted the significance of art and architecture in Barcelona, including the lasting legacies of artists such as Dalí, Gaudí, and Miró in Catalonia, it would be remiss not to acknowledge the city's rich artistic culture permeating through its diverse neighbourhoods. This vibrant tapestry of creativity is most palpable during each neighbourhood's Festa Major (main town celebration), where the streets come alive with vibrant processions of gigants (giant figures), alongside captivating displays of local cuisine and exhilarating castells performances.
Girona
Girona
Girona (Gerona in Spanish and Girona in Catalan), nestled in north-eastern Catalonia, is a city rich in history and cultural significance. Its strategic location near the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean made it a key stronghold throughout its long history.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
The city holds a special place in Catalonia, often celebrated for its "pure" Catalan accent, considered one of the clearest forms of the language. While Girona’s ties to Catalan culture are undeniable, it has historically been more symbolic than central to the independence movement, representing the enduring spirit of the region rather than a political hub.
Girona’s Old Town (Barri Vell) reflects its layered history. The Jewish Quarter (El Call), among the best-preserved in Europe, offers a glimpse into a thriving medieval Jewish community before their expulsion in 1492. Overlooking the city is the Cathedral of Saint Mary, a blend of Romanesque and Gothic architecture that stands as a testament to Girona’s medieval significance. Walking its ancient walls provides a striking reminder of its defensive importance over the centuries.
In modern times, Girona has been celebrated for its cinematic charm, becoming a backdrop for global productions, such as Game of Thrones. Its mix of preserved history and evolving identity encapsulates the city’s dual role as a guardian of Catalonia’s heritage and a vibrant contemporary centre. Girona remains a powerful example of how cultural identity and history endure in the face of change.
Sitges
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Sitges
Sitges, a coastal town just outside Barcelona, is a place where Catalonia’s traditions and modern culture intersect. Known for its festivals, its openness, and its creative energy, Sitges has carved out a unique identity within the region’s rich tapestry.
One of Sitges’ most cherished events is its Festa Major, a lively celebration in honour of Sant Bartomeu, the town’s patron saint. The festival is a showcase of Catalan heritage, featuring towering gegants (giants), castells (human towers), and the fiery spectacle of correfocs (fire runs). The drac (dragon) is a central figure in the festivities, a symbol rooted in the legend of Sant Jordi (Saint George), Catalonia’s patron saint. These traditions, steeped in history, reflect the pride and storytelling that define the region’s culture.
Sitges has also become a prominent hub for the global LGBTQ+ community, a reputation it embraced long before inclusivity became widespread in Spain. The town’s open atmosphere and vibrant community life have made it a focal point for LGBTQ+ tourism, with events like Pride Sitges drawing visitors from around the world.
Beyond its festivals and LGBT+ acceptance, Sitges has also gained recognition for its contribution to cinema. Since 1968, the Sitges International Film Festival has been a landmark event for horror and fantasy genres, attracting filmmakers and audiences from across the globe.
Comunidad de Madrid
Quick Fact File
Capital: Madrid
Major cities: Madrid, Móstoles, Alcalá de Hernares, Getafe, Leganés
Population: 6.8 million (2022 estimate) - #3 in Spain
The Community of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid in Spanish) is the autonomous region that houses Spain's capital city, Madrid.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
As the region encompassing the nation's capital city, the Community of Madrid enjoys a rich cultural offering in the areas surrounding the city. That said, when it was given status as an autonomous region in the late 20th century, there were arguments that as a region it lacked a distinct "regional identity". Despite this claim, it would be impossible to argue that the city of Madrid has not developed its own identity, which has played a vital role in developing Spain's culture and national identity.
Beyond the city of Madrid, the city of Alcalá de Hernares, to the north-east of the capital, has also played a vital role in Spain's history, and by extension has shaped the "regional identity". While it might not be as notable as the capital, it can boast being the birthplace of Miguel de Cervantes (the author of Don Quixote - arguably Spain's most important piece of literature) and the birthplace of Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England. Additionally, Christopher Columbus met with the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos) in Alcalá de Hernares before embarking on his transformative voyage west.
Madrid
Madrid
Madrid, Spain's capital and the country's most populous city, is renowned globally for its world-class art scene, fascinating history, and vibrant culture. Once a Moorish fortress and now a world-leading city at the heart of the nation, Madrid represents a fusion of Spain's regional cultures and Hispanic traditions unlike anywhere else.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
For centuries, Madrid has been synonymous with the might of the Spanish Empire and its royal family. In the 16th Century, Madrid emerged as the epicentre of the country's burgeoning power, serving as a melting pot where the cultures of Spain's diverse regions intertwined, giving rise to a unique national identity.
As the economic and cultural hub of Spain, Madrid is home to a plethora of outstanding facilities and museums. The Prado and Reina Sofía stand as beacons of artistic excellence, showcasing masterpieces that define Spain's cultural heritage. From Picasso's iconic anti-war piece, Guernica, at the Reina Sofía to Velázquez's timeless Las Meninas at the Prado, these institutions house an unparalleled collection of Spanish art. Moreover, they celebrate the works of other influential Spanish artists such as Dalí, Miró, and Goya, further solidifying Madrid's status as a bastion of artistic creativity.
Beyond its artistic treasures, Madrid's cultural significance extends to its majestic Royal Palace (Palacio Real de Madrid), a symbol of Spain's rich history and a strong visual representation of the importance of the monarchy to the city. The palace's stunning architecture and the site's huge size offer a glimpse into the historic might of Spain's monarchy.
Madrid, with its rich artistic heritage, is also a city steeped in tradition and enthusiasm for sport. Despite its controversial nature, and the fact that some regions have banned it (Catalonia and the Canary Islands), bullfighting still holds sway in Madrid. The Spanish capital is home to the country's largest bullring, Las Ventas, which is the third largest in the world, and the second largest bullring still in active use.
Further on the sports side, the city is home to two of Spain's largest football clubs, Real Madrid CF and Club Atlético de Madrid, who compete in the fierce Madird Derby (El Derbi Madrileño). The rivalry has intensified over recent seasons, with Atlético becoming more prominent on the world stage compared to previous eras. In addition to the local derby, Real Madrid CF also compete in Spain's most prestigious match, el Clásico, against FC Barcelona. The game is not only significant due to both teams' strength, but also due to what each team represents culturally within the country.
Comunidad Valenciana
Quick Fact File
Capital: Valencia
Major cities: Valencia, Alicante, Benidorm, Elche, Castellón de la Plana
Other places of note: Albufera, Dénia, Villarreal
Population: 5.2 million (2023) - #4 in Spain
The Community of Valencia (Comunidad Valenciana in Spanish and Comunitat Valenciana in Valencian) on the Spanish east coast is the 4th most populous autonomous region in the country.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Among the Spanish regions, the Comunidad Valenciana is perhaps the most celebrated for its vibrant traditions, which have left an indelible mark on Spain’s national identity. The world-famous Fallas festival in Valencia, recognised by UNESCO, exemplifies the creativity and community spirit that define the region, while Alicante’s Hogueras de San Juan and Castellón’s Magdalena Festival continue this tradition of blending history and festivity.
In addition to its festivals having a significant impact on Spanish identity, the region is also notable for its culinary heritage. As the birthplace of paella valenciana, its gastronomy has become synonymous with Spanish cuisine. Rooted in the rice fields of Albufera, this iconic dish embodies the agricultural ingenuity of the region. Other staples, such as arroz a banda and Alicante’s turrón, further reflect its deep connection to local produce and culinary innovation.
The Comunidad Valenciana also became a focal point for Spain's mass tourism boom during the Transición a la Democracia (Transition to Democracy) following the Franco Dictatorship. This shift was particularly evident along its sunny Costa Blanca and Costa del Azahar. Benidorm, with its high-rise skyline and lively beaches, symbolises this transformation, offering vibrant nightlife and package tourism that contrast with the quieter coastal villages nearby. This development played a crucial role in revitalising the region's economy during this transformative period in Spanish history.
Valencia
Valencia (València)
Valencia (València in Valencian), Spain’s third-largest city, has been a centre of trade and culture for centuries, shaped by its Mediterranean location and diverse historical influences. Founded by the Romans in 138 BC, it became a significant hub under Islamic rule and flourished as a Christian trading centre during the late Middle Ages.
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
The city’s Golden Age is symbolised by La Lonja de la Seda (Silk Exchange), a UNESCO World Heritage Site that reflects Valencia’s importance in the medieval silk trade. Nearby, the Catedral de València (Valencia Cathedral), a blend of Romanesque, Gothic, and Baroque styles, curiously claims to house the Holy Grail, further cementing the city’s historical and cultural significance.
In addition to its historical roots, Valencia is renowned for its traditions and gastronomy. The city’s Las Fallas festival, recognised by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage, showcases creativity and community spirit with elaborate sculptures that are ceremonially burned at the festival's conclusion. The fertile lands of Albufera, a lagoon just outside the city, have given rise to Valencia’s culinary crown jewel, paella valenciana, a dish that exemplifies the city’s deep agricultural ties, and has become synonymous with Spanish identity.
Modern Valencia has undertaken ambitious projects to redefine its image while maintaining a connection to its heritage. The Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias (City of Arts and Sciences) exemplifies the city’s vision for innovation and cultural growth. This iconic complex houses a science museum, an opera house, an aquarium, and performance spaces, serving as a hub for education, entertainment, and exploration.
Another key transformation is the Turia Riverbed Gardens, created after the Turia River was diverted following catastrophic floods in 1957. The river’s former course was repurposed into a public park that stretches through the city, connecting its historical centre with modern attractions like the Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias.
Alicante
Alicante (Alicant)
Alicante (Alacant in Valencian), located on Spain’s southeastern coast, is a city steeped in history and Mediterranean charm. Dominated by the imposing Castillo de Santa Bárbara, a fortress perched atop Mount Benacantil, the city reflects centuries of conquest and cultural exchange, from its Moorish roots to its role in Spain’s Reconquista.
Image ©Pixabay
Beyond its historic significance, Alicante is renowned for its rich culinary and cultural traditions. The region’s turrón, a traditional almond nougat often associated with Christmas, reflects the area’s agricultural bounty and Moorish influence. Alicante has long been a crossroads of cultures, and this heritage is seen in its festivals, like the fiery Hogueras de San Juan, where elaborate papier-mâché sculptures are burned in celebration, blending community spirit with deep-rooted traditions similar to Valencia’s Las Fallas.
Alicante also serves as the focal point of the Costa Blanca, one of Spain’s most famous coastlines, which welcomes millions of visitors annually. This tourism boom played a crucial role in transforming Spain’s fortunes during and after the Transición a la Democracia (after the Spanish Civil War 1936-39), cementing the Costa Blanca as a symbol of the country’s modernisation and cultural appeal.
Benidorm
Image ©Iendinna
Benidorm
Benidorm, located on the Costa Blanca, is one of the most emblematic examples of Spain’s transformation into a global tourism powerhouse. Once a small fishing village, the town underwent a dramatic transformation in the mid-20th century, becoming a hub of mass tourism that played a key role in Spain’s economic recovery during the Transición a la Democracia (Transition to Democracy) after the Spanish Civil War (1936-39).
During the 1960s and 1970s, Benidorm capitalised on its sunny climate, golden beaches, and prime Mediterranean location to attract visitors, particularly from northern Europe. Its skyline, dominated by high-rise hotels and apartments, reflects this rapid urbanisation and the town’s evolution into a modern tourist destination. Benidorm became a symbol of Spain’s shift towards a service economy, welcoming millions of tourists annually and cementing its reputation as the “Manhattan of the Mediterranean.”
Beyond its beaches, Benidorm’s appeal lies in its ability to blend leisure with accessibility. Its strategic development of affordable package holidays made it a favourite among working-class families, contributing to its lasting popularity. While some critics view its urban sprawl as emblematic of unchecked mass tourism, others see Benidorm as a testament to Spain’s resilience and adaptability during a transformative period in its history.
Albufera
Albufera
Albufera, located just south of Valencia, is one of Spain’s most significant wetlands. This freshwater lagoon, spanning over 20,000 hectares, is a natural and cultural treasure that has shaped the history and identity of the Comunidad Valenciana (and Spain as a whole).
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Historically, Albufera played a pivotal role in the Comunidad Valenciana’s agricultural development. Surrounded by fertile fields, it became the heart of the region’s rice production, a tradition introduced during the Moorish period. This rice cultivation gave rise to one of Spain’s most iconic dishes, paella valenciana, which originated in the area. The lagoon’s waters and adjacent fields remain vital to farming and conservation, supporting a vibrant ecosystem.
Albufera is also celebrated for its biodiversity, serving as a refuge for migratory birds and a variety of plant and fish species. Declared a natural park in 1986, it draws ecotourists and researchers who come to experience its serene landscapes, traditional fishing practices, and unique habitats.
País Vasco / Euskadi
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Quick Fact File
Capital: Vitoria-Gasteiz
Major cities: Bilbao, San Sebastián
Other places of note: Guernica
Population: 2.2 million (2023) - #7 in Spain
Euskadi (País Vasco in Spanish and Basque Country in English), located in northern Spain, is one of the most culturally distinct regions in the country. It is home to Euskara, one of Europe’s oldest languages, which was often marginalised, particularly under Franco’s dictatorship, but remains central to its identity today.
The Basque identity is deeply rooted in its historical and cultural uniqueness, setting it apart from the rest of Spain. Unlike much of the country, Euskadi’s cultural framework is shaped by its pre-Roman traditions and linguistic heritage, with Euskara as a key marker of its independence from outside influences. This sense of uniqueness has fostered a strong regional identity that persists in its traditions, festivals, and way of life, often viewed as distinct from the broader Spanish identity.
Under Franco’s dictatorship, Euskadi faced severe repression, with the Basque language banned and cultural expressions suppressed in an effort to impose a unified Spanish identity. Following Spain’s Transición a la Democracia (transition to democracy after Franco), Euskadi began reclaiming its identity. Autonomy statutes were established, allowing for the revitalisation of Euskara through education, media, and public life. The name "Euskadi" itself became an emblem of cultural pride, replacing the Franco-era "País Vasco" as the preferred term.
The region’s strong push for autonomy has not been without conflict. The terrorist group ETA, seeking full independence, engaged in decades of violent activity that left a lasting impact on both Euskadi and Spain as a whole. Since disbanding in 2018, Euskadi has experienced a period of reflection and reconciliation, focusing on fostering its unique identity within the framework of Spain’s democracy.
Beyond politics, Euskadi is celebrated as a cultural and economic hub. Its industrial strength, particularly in shipbuilding and steel, helped shape Spain’s economy in the 19th and 20th centuries. More recently, the region has embraced innovation and creativity, exemplified by Bilbao’s Guggenheim Museum, which has become a symbol of urban transformation.
Euskadi’s culinary heritage is as distinctive as its language and traditions. At its heart are pintxos (known as pinchos in Spanish), small bites often served atop bread, which embody the region’s communal spirit and creativity. These simple yet inventive dishes reflect the Basque dedication to quality and innovation, solidifying its reputation as one of Europe’s gastronomic capitals.
Bilbao
Bilbao (Bilbo)
Bilbao (Bilbo in Basque/Euskara), the largest city in Euskadi, is a testament to resilience and reinvention. Situated along the Nervión River, the city has grown from an industrial powerhouse into a cultural and economic beacon, reflecting the strength of the Basque identity.
Image ©javierAlamo
Historically, Bilbao’s port was central to its prominence. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the city thrived as a hub for shipbuilding and steel production, fuelling both the Basque economy and Spain’s industrial ambitions. This prosperity strengthened Bilbao’s role as a cultural and political centre for Basque autonomy, even during periods of suppression, such as under Franco’s dictatorship.
The decline of heavy industry in the late 20th century prompted a transformation that symbolised the city’s adaptive spirit. The opening of the Guggenheim Museum in 1997, designed by Frank Gehry, became a defining moment, putting Bilbao on the global map. Known as the "Bilbao Effect," it highlighted how cultural innovation could revitalise a city while preserving its character. This renaissance was not just architectural but deeply cultural, drawing attention to the enduring vibrancy of Basque life.
Bilbao’s Casco Viejo (Old Town) reflects its Basque heritage through its narrow streets, pintxos bars, and use of Euskara in signage and everyday life. This historic district highlights the city’s deep connection to Basque traditions and culture, even amid modernisation.
Guernica (Gernika)
Guernica (Gernika)
Guernica (Gernika in Euskara), located in the heart of Euskadi, is a town steeped in history and symbolic importance for the Basque people. Historically, it served as the meeting place for the Basque Parliament under the Oak of Gernika, a tree that symbolises Basque freedoms and identity.
Image ©Almudena_Sanz_Tabernero
On April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39), Guernica was devastated by an aerial bombardment carried out by Nazi Germany's Condor Legion in support of Franco’s forces. The attack, which destroyed much of the town and killed hundreds, shocked the world and became a stark symbol of the atrocities of war. This tragedy was immortalised by Pablo Picasso in his iconic painting Guernica (mural copy in the village pictured), a harrowing depiction of the bombing that remains one of the most powerful anti-war statements in art history.
Today, Guernica stands as a testament to resilience and cultural pride. The town is home to the Peace Museum, which reflects on the bombing’s legacy and promotes peace and reconciliation
Galicia
Image ©LanguagesonaPlate
Quick Fact File
Capital: Santiago de Compostela
Major cities: Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Vigo
Population: 2.7 million (2020) - #5 in Spain
Galicia (Galiza in Galician), located in the north-west corner of Spain, is one of the country’s most culturally distinct regions. Known for its lush green landscapes and Celtic heritage, Galicia offers a stark contrast to Spain’s more arid and Mediterranean regions. With its own language, Galician (galego/gallego), and centuries-old traditions, the region has forged a strong distinct identity within the Spanish state.
The Galician language, galego/gallego, bears a close resemblance to Portuguese, reflecting the region’s shared medieval history with its Iberian neighbour. This linguistic connection continues to underline Galicia’s unique cultural ties. The use of galego is a source of regional pride, with its preservation seen as vital to maintaining Galicia’s distinct identity. This linguistic heritage is complemented by Galicia’s musical traditions, where the gaita (bagpipes) play a central role, evoking the region’s deep Celtic roots and setting it apart from the rest of Spain.
At the heart of Galicia lies Santiago de Compostela, renowned as the endpoint of the Camino de Santiago, a historic pilgrimage route that draws visitors from across the globe. Its magnificent cathedral, said to house the remains of Saint James, has long been a centre of spiritual devotion. The city’s cobblestone streets and medieval architecture highlight Galicia’s pivotal role in Spain’s religious and cultural history.
Galicia’s connection to the sea is evident in its coastline and cuisine. The Atlantic shapes both the region’s economy and its gastronomic identity. Famous for its seafood, Galicia is celebrated for dishes such as pulpo a la gallega (Galician-style octopus) and percebes (gooseneck barnacles). These culinary staples reflect the region’s reliance on the ocean’s bounty, blending simple preparation with exceptional flavours, making Galicia a cornerstone of Spain’s culinary heritage.
Santiago de Compostela
Image ©HighburyNomad
Santiago de Compostela
Santiago de Compostela, the capital of Galicia, is one of Spain's most historically significant cities. As the endpoint of the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James), it has been a key pilgrimage site since the Middle Ages. Tradition holds that the remains of Saint James, one of Christ’s apostles, are enshrined in the city’s cathedral, cementing its spiritual importance.
The Camino de Santiago has shaped the city not just as a religious destination but as a cultural crossroads. Since the Middle Ages, the pilgrimage brought people from across Europe to Santiago, fostering an exchange of ideas, languages, and customs. Merchants, artists, and scholars often accompanied the pilgrims, enriching the city with diverse influences and making it a hub of medieval thought and innovation. This dynamic influx of visitors also established Santiago as a centre of learning, contributing to its intellectual and artistic development over the centuries. The Camino remains a vital thread in the city’s identity, with modern-day pilgrims continuing this tradition of cultural exchange.
The city’s historic centre, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, serves as a living testament to Santiago’s rich heritage. Its cobbled streets, arcaded squares, and stone buildings echo the medieval and Baroque eras that defined the city’s growth. At its heart stands the iconic Catedral de Santiago, the final destination for countless pilgrims. The cathedral’s Pórtico da Gloria (Glory Gate), created in the 12th century by Master Mateo, is a masterpiece of Romanesque sculpture that depicts a celestial vision of Christ’s second coming alongside apostles, saints, and angels. Pilgrims traditionally touch the central column, marked by the handprints of countless visitors, as a symbolic gesture of completion and devotion.
Another iconic symbol of the pilgrimage is the scallop shell, often seen on the cathedral and carried by pilgrims as a marker of their journey. The shell’s grooves, which converge at a single point, are said to represent the many routes leading to Santiago, uniting travellers from across Europe.
Associated Content
Music:
Discover more about Rosalía, the Spanish trailblazer blending flamenco with reggaeton, pop, and urban genres, challenging traditions and inspiring a new generation.
Discover more about Álvaro Soler, a rising Spanish talent in Latin pop known for his infectious hits and multicultural sound.
TV and Film:
Discover more about Pan’s Labyrinth, a visually stunning and haunting exploration of innocence amidst the brutal violence of Franco’s Spain, told through the lens of fairy tales.
Discover more about Volver, a vivid exploration of family, resilience, and the strength of women in the face of adversity.
Literature
Discover more about Bodas de sangre: a tragic exploration of passion, fate, and societal expectations in rural Spain.
Discover more about La casa de Bernarda Alba: a searing exploration of repression, desire, and the conflict between tradition and modernity in rural Spain.
Discover more about La Celestina: a pioneering tragicomedy that blends comedy and tragedy, widely considered one of the first modern works of Spanish literature.
Food
Discover more about paella valenciana, the famous traditional rice dish from Valencia, made with chicken, rabbit, and regional ingredients.
Discover more about paella de mariscos, Spain’s seafood version of paella, which is perhaps its most famous version.
Discover Pimientos de Padrón, Galicia’s famous PDO-certified peppers, where some surprise with a spicy kick.
Discover more about patatas bravas, Spain’s crispy fried potatoes with a bold, spicy sauce, a staple of Spanish tapas culture.
Discover more about tortilla española, Spain’s iconic potato omelette, a staple of tapas culture and beloved across the country.
Discover berenjenas con miel, a Moorish-influenced Andalusian dish of crispy fried aubergines drizzled with honey or sugarcane syrup.
Discover more about gazpacho, Andalusia’s iconic chilled tomato soup, made with fresh vegetables, olive oil, and vinegar - perfect for summer.
Discover more about croquetas, Spain’s famous béchamel-filled, breaded bites, with diverse fillings like ham or cheese, served as tapas.
Discover more about pulpo a la gallega, Galicia’s famed octopus dish, with olive oil, sea salt, and paprika, served on wooden platters.
Discover more about gambas al ajillo, Spain’s sizzling garlic prawn tapa, a favourite in Andalusia and Madrid’s tapas bars.
Discover more about albóndigas, Spain’s flavourful meatballs in rich tomato sauce, rooted in Moorish history, served as tapas or mains.
